Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants for Infectious Diseases in the Besemah Tribe, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia

ABSTRACT


Introduction
Ethnobotany is a branch of science that studies the use of plants as traditional medicine and the interaction of social traditions (Sarumaha, 2019).The use of plants as

Tools and Materials
The tools used in this study were stationery, audio recording devices, sprayers, plant scissors, sewing needles, cameras, ovens, information boards, knives or machetes, rulers, threads, fieldnotes, plastic bags, cardboard, herbarium paper 30x40 cm, label paper, newspapers, quiisoeners, gloves, rapia rope, and plywood while the materials used were 70% alcohol and samples of medicinal plants.

How it Works Interview
Interviews were conducted directly to 9 traditional medicine (battra) of the Besemah tribe community in Jarai District (Pamasalak Village, Talang Pisang Village, Nantigiri Village, Jemaring Village) and Sukamerindu District (Sukaraja Village, Gunung Lewat, and Karang Caya Village) Lahat Regency, South Sumatra.The interview method used is a semi-structured interview.

Plant Identification
Plant sample identification was carried out at the Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University and Herbarium of Andalas University Padang.

Results and Discussions
Based on the results of the study, the total number of medicinal plants from 9 local traditional medicine (batra) who are the indigenous people of the Besemah tribe, is as many as 94 types of medicinal plants, consisting of 47 families used to treat 29 infectious diseases as in Table 1 below.
The most sources of medicinal plants are obtained from the yard of 51 types of houses and from forests as many as 21 types and the least from rice fields 1 type.Fixed kadam (Hadgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn.), a characteristic of kadam fixed plants found in Lahat Regency are 3-lobed leaves, the upper surface of the leaves is green, woody stems, climbing and has branches that usually spread to large trees or plants around it.The Besemah tribe community uses kadam fixed plants to treat various kinds of infectious diseases.The stem is used to treat hepatitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis which is taken water from the stem while the fruit remains on the inside of the seed used to treat hepatitis.
According to (Swargiary & Brahma, 2017), Hadgsonia has antioxidant activity and has the potential to be developed because it has large seeds with high oil content.H seed oil.macrocarpa in Borneo is used to treat swelling in the chest (Perry & Metzger, 1980).The inside of the seeds in Negaland-India is used to treat bacterial infectious diseases of the feet (Changkija, 1999).

Tetungau (Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f) Wedd)
Figure 2 Tetungau (Debregeasia longifolia) Tetungau (Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f)Wedd) It is a shrub found in moist forests, green leaves with leathery leaf texture and has orange-yellow fruits when ripe.According to (Mahmoud, 2019), D. longifolia belongs to the Urticaceae group, is a small tree with a height of about 5 m, whitish flowers, orange-yellow fruits when ripe, growing in moist shade.The leaves are dense, jagged, and the upper surface is green.
The Besemah tribe treats diarrheal diseases by cutting Mite stems and then collecting water and drinking.(Mahmoud, 2019), mentioned that D. longifolia contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids with potential antioxidant activity used by scabies, skin disease drugs, and digestive disorders.According to (Jamir, Tsurho, & Zhimomi, 2015), in Negaland-India utilizing the fruit and bark parts of D. longifolia as a digestive remedy and skin disease.According to (Bo, Hanqing, & Dayuan, 2003), in China the fruit of D. longifolia is edible and the root is used as an herbal remedy to cure rheumatism.As cold as the forest has a single leaf, the upper surface of the leaf is slippery, and baerwarna dark green with a tapered tip.The stem is woody, has a rounded shape and brownish color.According to (Rehman, Rehman, Naz, Mumtaz, & Jianglin, 2021), F. fulgens in Peninsular Malaysia is known for larak root, wrong forest root or sengolok root, this plant can usually be on top of trees with a height of 4-6 m and is sometimes found on forest edges.The upper surface of the leaves is green, the lower surface has fine hairs and brownish color.The flowers are fragrant with a melon-like aroma, the flower buds split into three petals like stars and are brown.
The Besemah tribe community uses the cold leaves of the forest to treat hepatitis by mixing the cold leaves with the leaves of the kepayang and then pasted, mentioned that it is cold in the forest as a typical medicinal plant of the Besemah tribe that can be used to treat lymph swelling and several types of cancer.In Malaysia, Fissistigma leaves are boiled and used as a poultice (paste) to treat foot pain (Rehman et al., 2021).Studies on alkaloids of F. fulgens have been conducted by (Awang & Hadi, 2000), obtained compounds aporphine, alkaloids oxsoaporphine, protoberine, anonaine, argentinine, discretamine, liriodenine.

Memaye (Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr)
Memaye (L.indica) is a shrub plant found in the forest.It has woody, branched, spherical stems.Compound leaves, jagged leaf edges, pointed leaf tips and green in color.Memaye is used by the Besemah tribe community for traditional medicinal materials, the root part of the memaye is used to treat hepatitis and the fruit part is used to treat warts.According to (Bangar et al., 2019) Phytochemical screening of L. indica shows that there are ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and steroids.Traditionally L. indica can be used as an antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antinflammatory, dysentery, vertigo, antidiabetic, and skin disease drug.According to (Raghavendra et al., 2018), L. indica is widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia and other countries such as Thailand, India, Nepal, and Malaysia to treat diseases such as diabetes, wounds, body aches, dysentery, fever, and fractures.

How to Treat and Use Herbs and organs used
The most widely used processing method is by boiling as many as 65 types or 46%, processing by boiling is believed by the Besemah tribe community that the content contained in plant parts will come out more optimally if used as medicine.According to (Sukarniati, 2021), processing by boiling is safer because it can kill germs, bacteria or pathogens in plants and compounds contained in plants come out more.In addition, the boiling process can reduce the bland and bitter taste compared to being eaten directly.

Figure 6 Percentage of processing and use methods
The most widely used method is by drinking, which is 83 types of plants by 53% and the least way of use, which is soaked and stepped on only 1 type of plant.According to (Riconadi et al., 2020), The use of medicinal plants by drinking is used for treatment from within the body and is believed to show a faster reaction in healing a disease because the active compounds of plants taken are more quickly absorbed by the body.The use of medicinal plants by stepping on the foot used by the Besemah tribe community is different from other regions, so that the method of use becomes typical of the Besemah tribe.Medicinal plants used by stepping on the bark of dedap stems and eggplant oil are roasted and then stepped on to treat elephantiasis. .

Figure 7 Medicinal plant parts used by the Besemah tribe community
The most widely used plant part is the leaf part which is 38%.The leaves are often used in traditional medicine because they are easier to obtain and the processing process using the leaves is easier.According to (Rizal, Kartika, & Septia, 2021), the use of leaf parts in traditional medicine, whether it is processing or compounding medicinal materials, is easier than stems, roots, rhizomes or other parts.Leaves are easy to find.In addition, the use of leaves will not damage other parts of the plant because the leaves are easy to grow back and can be used sustainably.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research that has been done, the following conclusions are obtained medicinal plants obtained as many as 94 species of plants from 47 families to treat 29 types of infectious diseases.Typical plants of the Besemah tribe are still kadam (Hadgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn.), temite (Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f)Wedd), bird banning (Donax canniformis (G.Forst) K.Schum), temperingat (Rubus moluccanus L.), sheet poultice (Monophyllaea horsfieldii R.Brown), forest cold (Fissistigma fulgens (Hook.f&; Thomson) Merr.), memaye (Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr), and the typical way of use is stepped on and the typical way of processing the stem is cut, the water is collected and drunk directly.The most processing method is by boiling (46%) and the most use method by drinking (53%).

Figure 1
Figure 1 Map of research locations in Jarai and Sukamerindu sub-districts, Lahat Regency